Ritual
meaning and recognition
pp. 89-104
in: David Solomon, Ruiping Fan, Pingcheung Lo (eds), Ritual and the moral life, Berlin, Springer, 2012Abstract
The concept, "ritual", is employed in many academic disciplines, such as anthropology, sociology, psychotherapy, and religious studies. However, it manifests diverse significance for different scholars from different disciplines. In modern societies most important human activities are related to ritual in some way and its constitutive role in the formation and organization of society has begun to be taken seriously by some scholars. Today, through speech and symbols (a pattern or convention related to behavior) ritual has become so popular in the political, military, economic, religious, and ordinary lives of individuals that it is reasonable to advance the claim that humans are ritualized beings. In fact, ritual secretly regulates the lives of individuals in such a way that it colors, enriches, and structures their lives to such an extent that it transmits a cultural tradition through its widespread inheritance among generations, providing good reason to believe that the boundary of ritual is the boundary of culture. From ancient to modern times, Chinese Confucianism has regarded ritual as an important philosophical subject. Accordingly, within this chapter, I shall confine myself to considering some general philosophical issues regarding ritual from the perspective of Confucianism. My analysis will not consider all of the fine details of ritual, as I find such details better suited for consideration within the disciplines of anthropology and sociology. Considering such fine details within this chapter would only serve to exemplify the general meanings of ritual I will be addressing. As a result, in the following sections, I will address the general meanings of ritual, the relationship between ritual and symbols, and how ritual is actualized and socially recognized.