Lukács, Williams, Auerbach

tragedy and mimesis

3-15

Repudiations of realism I

Critical theory

16-24

Repudiations of realism II

formalism and genetic structuralism

25-40

Tragic realism and the political novel

41-49

Tolstoy and Dostoevsky

passion and Russian society

53-72

Dostoevsky

the demonic Tendenz

73-86

Zola

Germinal and tragic praxis

87-98

Conrad

the new meaning of tragic irony

99-114

Thomas Mann

bourgeois affirmation and artistic tragedy

115-132

The severed continuum

Soviet realism and the case of the silent don

133-142

Malraux and Hemingway

the myth of tragic humanism

143-159

George Orwell

the nightmare of the real

160-171

Solzhenitsyn

the permanence of tragedy

172-187

Conclusion

Tragic realism and modern society

Amy E. Varela

188-192